Cells and Cellular Processes

Animal and plant cells

CELL - Smallest living unit of which all organisms are composed

Cell structures and functions

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

cells drawn by Heather Ott

What are the major differences between a plant and animal cell?

1. animal cells don't have any chloroplasts and plant cells do.

2. plant cells don't have any centrioles and animal cells do.

3. plant cells have few large vacuoles, animal cells have many small vacuoles.

4. plant cells have a cell wall and animal cells don't.

What type of environments are cells found in?

aqueous (water based)

What are some special structures involved with cellular locomotion?

1. pseudopodia (false feet)- like throwing a grappling hook and pulling yourself along, accomplished by cytoplasmic streaming.

2. cilia- tiny beating hairs that act like oars

3. flagella- whip like tail (sperm cell)

illustrations drawn by Jennifer Olivio

Cell Theory:

1. cells are the unit of structure of life, all living things are made of cells.

2. cells are the unit of function of life

3. cells come from other cells

exceptions to the cell theory

a. viruses- perform all the life functions, but they are not cells.

b. mitochondria and chloroplasts- can reproduce on their own

Cellular Processes

Cellular transport

-movement of materials (nutrients and wastes) into, throughout, and out of cells

1. Active TransPort- transport that requires "energy,"(ATP) "movement that is up hill"

movement from an area of low concentration to an area of higher conc.

2. passive transport- transport that does not require energy," movement that is down hill".

movement from an area of higher conc. to an area of lower conc.

Types of passive transport

diffusion- passive transport

osmosis- passive transport of water

 

Cellular Respiration-

The production of ATP (energy)*NOT BREATHING (GAS EXCHANGE)*

Two types of respiration

1. Anaerobic respiration - The production of ATP without the use of oxygen

glucose --->Lactic Acid + 2ATP (bacteria)

glucose --->Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + 2ATP (Yeast)

2.Aerobic Respiration-

the production of ATP utilizing oxygen

Glucose + oxygen----->6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + 36 ATP

true equation

1.Anaerobic phase -

glucose ----> pyruvic acid + 2ATP

2. Aerobic phase-

pyruvic acid + oxygen -----> 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + 34 ATP

RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA 

• TO HAVE RESPIRATION OCCUR IT INVOLVES THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, GAS EXCHANGE (RESPIRATORY ) SYSTEM, AND THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

How do we get energy from ATP

By hydrolysis:

ATP + H₂O------ATP-ase------->ADP + P + energy. 

This occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

Photosynthesis

The process by which glucose is produced from carbon dioxide and water by plants and other photosynthetic organisms

equation:

H₂O+ CO₂ ------sunlight----> glucose + O₂

Building processes (biochemistry)

Organic Compounds (nutrients) and their building blocks

1. Protein - Amino acids

2. Lipid - Fatty acids + Glycerol

3. Carbohydrates - monosaccharides

What each Organic Compound (nutrient) is needed for

• Carbohydrates are needed to produce energy
• lipids are needed to make lipids(fats) which help to protect body tissue, cushioning, insulation, energy storage and production
• Proteins are needed to make muscle(protein)

"put it together"

1. Dehydration Synthesis - Making a larger compound from smaller building blocks through the loss of water 

building block + building block -----> compound + water

This is represented by an equation:

Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> Protein + water

Monosacc. + Monosacc.---> Carbos. + water

Fatty Acids + Glycerol ---> Lipids + water

"take it apart" 

2. Hydrolysis - Breaking apart a larger compound into it's building blocks through the addition of water

 compound + water ----- > building block + building block

This is represented by an equation:

Protein + water ----> Amino Acids

Carbohydrate + water ---> Monosacc.

Lipid + water --> Fatty Acids+Glycerol

These processes are allowed to occur at body conditions by ENZYMES AND COENEZYMES (VITAMINS)

These enzymes are shown in the equation by writing the word "enzymes" or the name of the enzyme used above the arrow: 

Protein + water -----enzymes-----> Amino Acids

to name an enzyme drop the ending of the organic compound being dealt with and add the ending "ase"

ex. fructose

fructose -ose  = fruct +ase = fructase

Cellular Reproduction

Reproduction is the process in which new organisms of the same species are produced

-MITOTIC CELL DIVISION -

a process where the nuclear material of a cell reproduces and divides, then the cytoplasm of the cell divides creating two genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Steps in mitosis

interphase - the stage where a cell grows in size and performs all normal cell activities

prophase - nuclear membrane disappears, chromatids become visible, centrioles start to migrate, spindle fibers start to form

metaphase - chromatids align along the equator, centrioles are at the poles

anaphase - chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers and start to move towards the poles

telophase - chromosomes are each pole, nuclear membrane reforms and the cell starts to "pinch in"

Cytokinesis now occurs and divides the cytoplasm creating two new genetically identical cells

*Cancer is uncontrolled cellular reproduction

Gamete(sex cell) production is accomplished by Meiosis. All gametes produced have ONE HALF the original chromosome number

Two specific types of meiosis are Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis - produces four sperm cells from one primary sex cell (parent cell)

Oogenesis - produce one egg cell and three polar bodies from one primary sex cell ( parent),  Polar bodies generally become food for a developing embryo (ex. yolk of egg)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

1. Mitosis produces daughter cells with a full set of chromosomes equal in number to that of the parent, whereas meiosis produces gametes with one half the chromosome number of the primary sex cell(parent)

2. Meiosis would take place in ovaries or testes, whereas mitosis occurs in all body tissues( growth is a result of mitosis)

Both Mitosis and Meiosis rely upon DNA Replication

HOMEWORK:

Cell unit homework

LABS:

Investigating cells and cell structures lab - Food poisioning lab - Tissue comparison lab

Related Links:

dictionary of cell biology / www Cell Biology Course / Virtual Cell / Cells Alive

Photosynthesis / Photosynthesis directory

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